TROY BILT STORM 10028 Service Manual
Overview and safety information
The purpose of this manual is to provide detailed, step-by-step guidance for the operation, maintenance, and repair of the Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 outdoor power equipment. It serves as a technical reference for trained technicians and informed users who perform routine servicing and troubleshooting. The manual consolidates essential specifications, warning notices, and procedural instructions to ensure correct, safe, and reliable performance of the equipment. Readers should use this document to understand the build layout, critical components, and the proper sequence of service tasks to minimize downtime and extend the life of the machine. This section lays out the foundational information that underpins all subsequent maintenance and repair activities.
Safety precautions and warnings are the cornerstone of responsible equipment handling. The Storm 10028 incorporates rotating blades, exposed belts, electricity, and potentially hazardous fuel systems, all of which require careful attention to risk management. Always disconnect the power source and remove the spark plug wire or battery before performing any maintenance that could start the engine or engage moving parts. Wear personal protective equipment appropriate for the task, including safety glasses, gloves, and hearing protection when operating or servicing the unit. Follow all local regulations and manufacturer recommendations to prevent injuries, fire hazards, and environmental contamination. This manual emphasizes identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks before beginning any service procedure.
Before starting work, verify the model and serial numbers, as well as current service bulletins or updates from the manufacturer. Ensure you are using the correct replacement parts, consumables, and lubricants specified for the Storm 10028, as improper components can compromise safety and performance. Never bypass safety devices or modify the machine beyond approved specifications, since altered systems can fail under load and lead to serious injuries. The safety warnings herein are designed to prevent common mistakes, such as improper fuel handling, inadequate grounding, or neglecting battery and electrical system protection. Adhering to these guidelines promotes a safer work environment and dependable operation of the equipment.
Operational safety requires planning and awareness of the work area. Maintain a clean, dry, and well-lit workspace free of flammable materials, loose clothing, and jewelry that could become entangled in moving parts. Use approved stands or supports when lifting or supporting heavy components, and never work under a machine supported only by jack stands. Keep bystanders, children, and pets at a safe distance while performing maintenance or testing. After completing any service or inspection, perform a careful functional check in a controlled manner to confirm proper operation and identify any abnormal sounds, vibrations, or leaks that could indicate a problem. Document service actions and observed conditions for future reference and compliance with safety standards.
The Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 is a compact, rear-engine lawn mower designed to deliver reliable cutting performance for residential properties. Built to handle typical suburban landscapes, it combines a sturdy steel chassis with a lightweight, maneuverable frame to facilitate easy operation around obstacles and tight spaces. The model emphasizes user-friendly maintenance access, enabling owners to perform routine service tasks without specialized tools. Overall, the Storm 10028 balances durability with practicality, making it a practical choice for homeowners who expect consistent mowing results with straightforward upkeep.
Model overview specifics include a compact powertrain arrangement that optimizes weight distribution for improved balance during operation. The design centers on ease of use, with a simple height-of-cut adjustment mechanism and straightforward starting procedures. The mower is constructed to tolerate typical yard debris and grass clippings, maintaining performance across a range of mowing conditions. This section highlights the intended application: residential lawns of moderate size where reliability and predictable performance are prioritized.
Key components and features of the Storm 10028 include the drive system, cutting deck, engine, and control levers. The cutting deck provides consistent blade height and overlap to ensure a uniform cut across the entire mowing area. The engine offers a balance of power and fuel efficiency suitable for regular mowing cycles, with accessible air filter and spark plug locations for routine maintenance. The controls are designed for intuitive engagement, including a throttle and blade engagement lever that can be operated with one hand in most typical use scenarios. An emphasis on rugged exterior hardware helps resist wear from grass, moisture, and minor impacts during typical yard work.
Technical specifications cover critical performance and compatibility data, such as engine displacement, horsepower range, deck width, and recommended maintenance intervals. Cooling and ventilation provisions are described to prevent overheating during extended use, particularly in warmer climates. Fuel system details, including type of fuel and recommended fuel stabilizers, are outlined to support dependable starting and running. Noise levels, oil capacity, and lubricant recommendations are included to assist users in planning routine maintenance and ensuring compliance with local regulations. The specification data serves as a reference to verify the mower’s capabilities against user expectations and service needs.
Required tools and service indicators help guide owners through maintenance and troubleshooting tasks. A basic tool set is typically sufficient for routine maintenance such as blade sharpening, filter inspection, and pulley checks. The manual itemizes safety indicators and warning lights that may appear during operation, as well as what actions to take if a fault is detected. Service indicators often include visual cues for tasks like checking oil levels, air filter condition, and belt wear, enabling preemptive maintenance to extend the life of the equipment. Proper adherence to the tool and indicator recommendations ensures reliable performance and reduces downtime from preventable issues.
The initial inspection and setup of the Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 begins with careful unpacking and a thorough inspection of all components. Before removing any packaging, verify that the device has not sustained shipping damage by checking for dents, scratches, or loose hardware. As you unbox, lay out all parts in a clear workspace and cross-reference them with the included parts list to ensure nothing is missing. Pay particular attention to fasteners, blades or augers, belts, and shields, as these are critical for safe operation. If any item appears damaged or missing, contact the supplier or manufacturer before proceeding with setup to prevent potential operational hazards.
Required maintenance before operation includes a complete cleaning of all surfaces to remove dust, oil, or protective coatings applied during manufacturing or shipping. Inspect all moving parts for smooth operation, ensuring that bearings rotate without binding and that belts have the correct tension according to the user manual. Check the alignment of any cutting, shredding, or propulsion components, and verify that guards and shields are securely installed and free from cracks. It is also important to verify that the recoil starter or electrical starting system is functional, and to replace any worn or damaged components prior to first use to avoid performance issues or safety risks.
Fluid levels and lubrication must be checked and topped up as necessary to ensure reliable performance and longevity of the equipment. Inspect engine oil level with the machine on a level surface and with the engine cool, adding the manufacturer-recommended grade and viscosity of oil if required. Check the fuel system for proper routing and secure connections, and replace or refill fuel as needed, preferably with fresh gasoline following local regulations. Lubricate grease fittings and oil points specified in the manual, using the recommended lubricants, and wipe away any excess to prevent dirt buildup during operation. Ensuring proper fluid levels and lubrication at this stage helps minimize friction, overheating, and wear during initial use.
Electrical and safety interlocks require careful verification to guarantee safe operation. Confirm that all safety switches, including blade engagement, ignition, and seat or handlebar interlocks where applicable, are functioning correctly. Inspect wiring harnesses for signs of wear, cracked insulation, or loose connectors, and secure any loose wires to prevent short circuits. Test the battery (if equipped) for proper voltage and charge state, and ensure all grounding points are intact. Finally, confirm that all warning labels are legible and that the operator’s manual is readily accessible to ensure correct use and safety precautions are followed during first-time operation.
Troubleshooting and diagnostic procedures
When addressing operational issues on the Troy-Bilt Storm 10028, begin with a thorough, systematic inspection to establish a baseline of performance. Document any abnormal sounds, vibrations, or loss of power, and note engine behavior such as hard starting, rough idle, or overheating. A clean, well-lit workspace and a clear diagnostic log help prevent overlooked faults and ensure repeatable results. Always verify that tool and safety guards are in place and that the unit is on a stable surface before starting any diagnostic procedure. By establishing factual observations first, you create a foundation for accurate fault isolation and corrective action.
Common operation issues to evaluate include starting difficulties, loss of power, reduced cutting efficiency, and excessive fuel consumption. If the engine struggles to start, confirm the fuel is fresh and properly mixed, the air filter is clean, and the spark plug is in good condition. A faulty carburetor or dirty fuel system can mimic other problems, so progress through the troubleshooting steps methodically rather than jumping to conclusions. Consistent maintenance history, including filter changes and routine oil levels, supports reliable operation and helps pinpoint deviations from normal performance. By correlating symptoms with recent maintenance or usage patterns, you can prioritize the most probable causes and act quickly.
Diagnostic flowcharts guide you through a logical sequence of checks to confirm or rule out potential faults. Start with the simplest checks, such as verifying fuel type, fuel line condition, and visible leaks, then advance to electrical and ignition assessments. Use a step-by-step approach to test for spark, compression, and fuel delivery, documenting the results at each stage. When a fault is identified, isolate it with targeted tests and replace or repair only the affected components to minimize downtime. Maintaining an organized flowchart or checklist helps ensure consistency across multiple technicians or service calls.
Electrical system checks require careful attention to wiring integrity, connector cleanliness, and protective grounding. Inspect battery condition if applicable, verify charging system output, and confirm fuses and relays are within specification. Use a multimeter to measure voltage drop across key circuits and verify that switches operate correctly. Corrosion, loose connections, or damaged insulation often manifest as intermittent faults that are difficult to diagnose without steady, methodical testing. After completing electrical checks, re-test all related subsystems to ensure the issue is fully resolved and to confirm there are no new faults introduced during diagnosis.
Fuel and ignition problems are among the most common root causes for poor performance. Start by evaluating fuel quality, correct octane rating, and proper fuel-to-oil ratio if applicable. Check the carburetor for clogs or varnish buildup and inspect the fuel filter for restrictions. For ignition issues, examine spark plug condition, gap size, and carbon fouling, replacing the plug if necessary and verifying consistent spark under load. After completing fuel and ignition investigations, perform a controlled engine test and monitor rpm, smoothness, and response to throttle input. Document the outcomes and any adjustments made to ensure the repair remains verifiable and reproducible under real-world operating conditions.
Disassembly and reassembly procedures
Safety disconnects and preparation require meticulous attention before any tool touches the equipment. Ensure the unit is on a stable, level surface and the engine is fully powered down with the ignition switch in the off position. Remove the battery or disconnect power sources as applicable, and allow any stored energy in capacitors to dissipate. Gather the proper hand tools, a calibrated torque wrench, labeled containers for fasteners, and a service manual or schematic for reference. Ground yourself to prevent static discharge and keep a clean work area to avoid losing small components. Document the initial condition of critical components with photos for reference during reassembly.
Component removal sequences are performed in a logical order to minimize part interference and prevent damage. Begin with exterior covers and protective shrouds, detaching fasteners in a systematic pattern to avoid misplacing screws. Next, disconnect electrical connectors and fuel lines if present, labeling each connection to ensure accurate reconnection. Remove the engine mounting hardware as required, supporting the engine with a lift or supports to prevent tipping. Proceed to remove drive belts, pulleys, and ancillary components in the sequence dictated by the service manual, taking care not to twist or overstress belts during removal. Keep all removed parts organized by group and store small items in labeled trays to speed the reassembly process.
Part inspection and replacement demand a careful assessment of wear, damage, and serviceability. Inspect the drive belt for cracks, glazing, or missing teeth, and replace if any signs of wear are evident. Check pulleys, bearings, and the motor mount for looseness, corrosion, or deformation; replace or service as recommended by the manufacturer. Examine the air filter, fuel filter, and cooling fins for debris or clogging, cleaning or replacing as necessary. Assess the ignition system and electrical connectors for corrosion or fraying, addressing issues with proper cleaning, crimping, or replacement parts. When removing components, note any alignment marks or shims that ensure proper reinstallation accuracy and performance later on.
Reassembly notes and torque specifications emphasize accuracy and sequence to restore original performance. Begin by reinstalling essential subassemblies in the reverse order of removal, aligning all mounts and ensuring that components seat fully without interference. Apply the correct fastener torque values as specified in the torque chart, using a calibrated torque wrench to prevent under- or over-tightening. Reconnect electrical connectors and fuel lines with attention to orientation and securement, ensuring protective covers are reinstalled to shield sensitive wiring. After assembly, perform a functional check with the safety interlocks engaged, verify belt tension, and inspect for any clearance issues or abnormal noise during a brief run. Finally, reset any service indicators or maintenance reminders as required by the manufacturer to reflect completed maintenance tasks.
The Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 is designed to deliver reliable operation through a well-maintained engine and fuel system. Regular inspection of the fuel system is essential to prevent performance problems, including hard starting, rough idle, and loss of power. Begin by checking fuel lines for cracks, stiffness, or corrosion, and replace any damaged hoses to prevent leaks. Inspect the fuel filter and replace it at the recommended intervals or if fuel flow appears restricted. Always use the correct fuel type and ratio specified in the manufacturer’s guidelines to ensure optimal combustion and engine longevity.
Carburetor and ignition timing are critical for consistent performance and efficient fuel use. When inspecting the carburetor, remove any varnish or debris from the jets and passages using qualified carburetor cleaner, taking care not to damage delicate components. Ensure the idle speed and mixture screws are set according to the service manual, and adjust as needed after a cold start and warm-up cycle. For ignition timing, verify that spark timing remains within the recommended window by using a timing light or the inline timing marks on the flywheel cover, especially after replacing the spark plug or wiring. If timing is off, consult the engine-specific timing diagram and make careful adjustments following the correct procedure.
The air intake and exhaust system maintenance is vital to prevent overheating and restricted airflow. Begin with a clean air filter; inspect for tears, oil saturation, or excessive dirt, and replace or clean as directed by the manual. Inspect the carburetor intake boot and connections for leaks, cracks, or loose clamps, replacing any compromised parts. Check the exhaust outlet and muffler for obstructions, corrosion, or ash buildup that could impede exhaust flow. Ensure that the cooling fins on the engine are free of debris and that there is adequate clearance around the engine to facilitate proper airflow during operation. Regularly reseal or replace gaskets as needed to maintain proper sealing and prevent air leaks that can affect performance.
Cooling system maintenance is essential to prevent overheating and engine damage. Monitor the coolant levels if applicable to the model variant or ensure proper air-cooling clearance in the statically mounted engine housing. Clean any dust, grass clippings, or debris from the cooling shrouds and fins to maintain efficient heat dissipation. Inspect cooling fans (if present) for secure mounting and freedom of rotation, and replace any bent blades or damaged fan housings. When performing maintenance around the cooling system, avoid forcing or bending components and use manufacturer-approved lubricants and sealants to maintain the integrity of connections and joints. Regular checks should include verifying that the engine has reached operating temperature without rising above the manufacturer’s specified limits, and that there are no abnormal sounds or vibrations indicating cooling or lubrication issues.
The Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 employs a compact electrical system designed to balance reliability with ease of service. Before performing any work, ensure the engine is off, the key is removed, and the battery disconnect is engaged if equipped. A clean, well-lit workspace helps prevent miswiring or accidental short circuits. When handling electrical components, avoid metal jewelry and use insulated tools to minimize the risk of arcing. Grounding the mower frame and inspecting for corrosion on terminals are prudent preliminary checks that can prevent intermittent faults.
Safety and shutdown procedures begin with a careful power-down sequence. Disconnect the battery before accessing electrical harnesses or the control module to prevent accidental engagement. If a fault is suspected, remove power at the main switch and wait several seconds before reseating connectors to clear transient conditions. Always verify that the negative battery terminal is isolated first, followed by the positive, and restore power in the reverse order after completing maintenance. Documentation or labeling of connectors during disassembly will expedite reassembly and reduce the chance of misconnection.
Harness routing and connector care focus on maintaining proper channels and avoiding pinched or stressed cables. Route wiring along approved paths, using clamps and ties to maintain consistent spacing and protect from movement or vibration. Avoid routing through moving parts or hot surfaces, and keep harnesses clear of the exhaust system and sharp edges. When disconnecting connectors, depress locking tabs evenly and pull on the connector body rather than the wires to prevent terminal damage. Regular inspection for cracked insulation, corrosion, or loose pins will reduce the likelihood of intermittent electrical faults that are difficult to trace.
Troubleshooting electrical faults requires a systematic approach to identify symptoms, isolate circuits, and confirm component health. Start with a visual inspection for obvious signs of damage, such as melted insulation or burnt smells, and check fuses or circuit breakers for trips. Use a multimeter to verify battery voltage, ground continuity, and the integrity of power feeds to the ignition switch, safety interlocks, and the charging system. When a fault is tied to the charging system, verify that the alternator or stator is producing output within specification and that the voltage regulator is regulating correctly. Document the fault codes or abnormal readings, then perform controlled tests to ensure the fault is reproducible under normal operation rather than a transient condition.
Battery, charging, and electrical load management cover the heart of the system’s reliability. Ensure the battery is properly sized for the engine and electrical accessories, with terminals clean and tight to minimize resistance. Regularly inspect the battery case for swelling, leakage, or siphoning, and replace if any signs of degradation are observed. The charging system should maintain a stable charging voltage within the manufacturer’s specified range, typically monitored while the engine is running at a fast idle. Manage electrical loads by prioritizing essential systems such as ignition and safety controls, and be mindful of auxiliary devices that may draw excess current, potentially reducing cranking power or causing nuisance shutdowns. A disciplined maintenance schedule, including periodic load tests and terminal cleaning, will extend system life and improve overall reliability.
Replacement parts and service consumables
Replacement parts and service consumables for the Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 are selected to maintain performance, reliability, and safety across the machine’s service life. When selecting parts, prioritize genuine components that meet the original specifications, as these are designed to withstand the same operating conditions and tolerances as the equipment originally produced. Using incompatible or off-brand parts can compromise efficiency, lead to accelerated wear, and potentially void warranties. Always verify model and serial numbers before ordering to ensure compatibility with your specific unit, and keep a detailed log of part numbers and installation dates for future maintenance planning.
Engineered replacement parts such as filters, blades, belts, gaskets, and seals should be inspected for wear, cracks, and deformation prior to installation. Keep a stock of commonly replaced items to minimize downtime, including air and fuel filters, spark plugs if applicable, lubricants, and any specific service consumables recommended by the manufacturer. Follow the service intervals outlined in the operator’s manual to determine when these parts should be replaced, rather than relying solely on visual inspection; some components may require proactive replacement to prevent failures under load. When removing or installing parts, use the correct tools and torque specifications to avoid overtightening or damaging mating surfaces, which can compromise performance and safety.
Where to source genuine parts is typically through authorized Troy-Bilt distributors, the manufacturer’s parts portal, or certified service centers. Check the official Troy-Bilt website for a current dealer locator and an up-to-date parts catalog. If you purchase from third-party vendors, ensure that the parts are authentic and compatible with the Storm 10028 model; request the exact part number and cross-reference it against the parts list in your service manual. Maintain a record of purchase sources and warranty documentation to streamline service visits and ensure traceability for future repairs or recalls.
Lubricants and service consumables are selected to match the materials and operating temperatures encountered by the Storm 10028. Use OEM-approved lubricants, including engine oil, transmission fluid, and grease that meet the manufacturer’s viscosity and specification requirements. Do not substitute with general-purpose lubricants that lack the necessary additives and shear stability, as improper lubrication can lead to increased wear, overheating, and component failure. Replace lubricants at the intervals specified in the manual and during any service where seals and reservoirs have been opened, to prevent contamination and ensure consistent performance in varying weather conditions.
Warranty and service policy information should be reviewed before initiating any repair work. Understanding what is covered, the duration of coverage, and the required service procedures helps prevent disputes and ensures your maintenance aligns with policy requirements. Document service dates, part numbers, and the technician performing the work, and retain receipts for all replacements. If a defect appears within the warranty window, contact the authorized service network promptly and follow the recommended claims process, which typically involves providing proof of purchase, model details, and a description of the failure. Regular adherence to the warranty terms, plus the use of genuine parts, helps preserve coverage and maintain peak performance of the Storm 10028.
Recalibration and performance optimization
Recalibration is a critical step after any major maintenance, replacement of essential components, or long periods of inactivity. Begin by confirming that the engine is at operating temperature and that all safety guards and shields are reinstalled. Use the recommended torque values when reassembling any fasteners to ensure sensor stability and accurate readings. With all connections checked, access the calibration ports and reference points specified by Troy-Bilt, ensuring that no tools or foreign objects contaminate the calibration surfaces. Document the baseline readings before making any adjustments so you can compare post-calibration results and verify improvements. After completing initial calibrations, run the engine at several steady RPMs to observe stability, fuel delivery consistency, and electronic control module responses, noting any deviations for further tuning as needed.
Calibration procedures require a methodical approach to sensor alignment, fuel metering, and ignition timing. Start with the throttle position sensor and idle speed adjustments, ensuring smooth transitions from idle to load without stalling or surging. Next, verify the air-fuel mixture by performing a controlled roadside or test-lab run, monitoring exhaust color and engine temperature for signs of rich or lean conditions. If the machine exhibits hesitation under load or misfires, consult the service manual for permissible tolerances and make incremental adjustments, rechecking performance after each change. Proper calibration also includes verifying the alternator charging rate and battery condition to ensure stable electrical feedback during operation. Keep a detailed log of each adjustment, the observed result, and the final setting to support future maintenance cycles.
Performance checks and adjustments focus on achieving consistent power delivery, efficient fuel usage, and reliable throttle response. Conduct a series of controlled load tests across the recommended RPM range, noting any lag, kangarooing, or overheating symptoms. Inspect the cooling system for unobstructed airflow, clean fins, and proper coolant levels if applicable to the model. If the machine demonstrates uneven cutting or propulsion behavior, inspect the drive system and linkages for wear, lubrication, and proper tension. Reconcile any mechanical discrepancies with electronic feedback by performing a diagnostic scan to identify fault codes, then address each code in order of severity. After each adjustment, conduct a short field test to confirm that performance gains persist under typical operating conditions and that no new issues have arisen.
Emission and noise considerations must be addressed to comply with environmental and operator safety standards. Verify that the exhaust path is clear, the muffler is intact, and there are no leaks that could alter emission readings or create abnormal noise. Check sensor wiring and grounding to prevent erroneous readings that could cause higher-than-necessary idle or poor fuel economy. If the unit is tuned for lower emissions, ensure that the adjustments do not compromise engine reliability or durability, particularly under high-load situations. When performing tests, measure sound levels at the operator’s ear distance and compare against the manufacturer’s specified limits; use a sound-dampening accessory if required and permitted. Always follow local regulations regarding catalytic efficiency checks and exhaust aftertreatment maintenance, documenting any changes for warranty and service history purposes.
Final test run procedures culminate the recalibration and optimization process by simulating real-world operating conditions. Start with a controlled warm-up, then perform a balanced mix of low, medium, and high-load tasks to evaluate overall responsiveness. Monitor engine temperature, fuel trim stability, and ignition timing during these runs to ensure consistent performance across loads. If any anomalies appear, pause the test, re-check calibration references, sensor connections, and mechanical tolerances before proceeding. Complete the final test with a calibrated checklist, recording the successful parameters and any observed transient behaviors. Upon completion, provide the operator with a brief rundown of adjustments, recommended maintenance intervals, and a suggested monitoring plan to preserve peak performance over time.
The Troy-Bilt Storm 10028 service documentation provides critical reference data for technicians performing maintenance, repairs, and routine service. Proper torque specification guidance ensures fasteners are tightened to exact values, preventing component loosening or over-torquing that could lead to mechanical failure or unsafe operation. When servicing the drive system, chassis, or deck assemblies, consult the torque specification list to select the correct values for each fastener size and material. Always verify manufacturer-recommended torque after initial assembly or after reassembly to confirm that the fasteners remain within safe operating limits during use. Maintaining accurate torque helps preserve performance, prolongs component life, and reduces the likelihood of warranty issues due to improper assembly tolerances.
The wiring diagram legend serves as a concise roadmap for identifying circuits, harnesses, and connector types within the Storm 10028 electrical system. The legend explains color codes, symbol meanings, and wire gauge recommendations, enabling technicians to trace circuits efficiently without ambiguity. When diagnosing electrical faults, reference the legend to confirm correct wire routing and to distinguish power, ground, and signal paths. Accurate interpretation of the diagram minimizes the risk of misdiagnosis and accidental short circuits during repairs or modifications. This documentation supports safe electrical work by clarifying components such as switches, relays, fuses, and safety interlocks within the unit.
Safety signage and labels are integral to compliant and safe operation of the Storm 10028. The manual outlines the locations, meanings, and required visibility of warning decals, operation labels, and maintenance notices on the machine. Technicians should verify that all safety labels are legible, undamaged, and correctly positioned after service. Replacing missing or degraded signs helps ensure that operators are aware of critical hazards, proper startup procedures, and routine safety checks. Maintaining proper signage also supports user awareness and reduces the likelihood of accidental injury during use or maintenance tasks. This section reinforces the importance of ongoing safety compliance as part of responsible equipment stewardship.
Contact information for support consolidates the factory, dealer, and technical assistance resources in one accessible place. The manual provides phone numbers, email addresses, and hours of operation for various regional support teams, including warranty and parts departments. Technicians and owners should keep this information handy for rapid escalation of complex issues, parts ordering, or technical guidance beyond on-site capabilities. Regularly updating contact details in the service records helps ensure that the most appropriate channel is used for timely assistance. This reference material underpins efficient troubleshooting and supports continued safe operation of the Storm 10028 across its service life.