MURRAY 824RS Service Manual
Overview and safety information
The Murray 824RS service manual is intended to guide qualified technicians through the proper inspection, maintenance, repair, and adjustment of this specific outdoor power equipment model. It consolidates critical procedures, part references, and aligned safety practices to ensure reliable operation and extended service life. This section lays the groundwork for safe and effective work, establishing the expectations for handling, testing, and interchanging components within the machine’s electrical and mechanical systems. A clear understanding of the assembly layout and subsystem interactions helps technicians diagnose issues more accurately and minimize downtime during field or shop repairs. Emphasis is placed on adhering to manufacturer specifications and torque values to preserve performance and machine integrity over time.
Safety notes and personal protective equipment are essential to prevent injury and equipment damage during service. Technicians should wear standard PPE including safety glasses with side shields, cut-resistant gloves when handling sharp components, and hearing protection in noisy environments. It is important to disconnect any power sources and remove the spark plug wire or battery disconnect before beginning work to avoid accidental starting. When dealing with fuel systems, work in a well-ventilated area and store flammable liquids in approved containers away from ignition sources. Ensure all moving parts are fully secured and the unit is stabilized on a level surface prior to inspection, with the engine cool to prevent burns and accidental fluid release. Following these safety practices reduces the risk of shock, fire, and mechanical injury during maintenance tasks.
Recommended tools and equipment for servicing the Murray 824RS include a full set of metric and standard hand tools, a torque wrench with appropriate ranges, diagnostic meters for ignition and electrical testing, and containers to safely drain fluids. At minimum, technicians should prepare screwdrivers, pliers, wrenches, hex keys, and a digital multimeter to verify circuit integrity. An owner or shop manual-approved service stand or bench vise helps secure the mower for precise operations. For engine-related work, having a service touch-up kit with sometimes-used consumables like gaskets, filters, and seals ensures that parts are replaced with compatible equivalents and that performance is restored to factory specifications. Proper lighting is essential to clearly view small fasteners and electrical connections and to prevent misdiagnosis during disassembly or reassembly.
Labeling and warranty considerations are critical to documenting maintenance history and ensuring continued coverage. Each serviced component should be labeled with the date of service, a brief description of the work performed, and the technician’s initials to maintain traceability. When replacing parts under warranty, ensure that original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications are followed and that any warranty stickers or tags remain legible. Warranty terms often require the use of approved parts and adherence to torque specifications; deviations can void coverage. It is prudent to retain all replaced components for assessment by the manufacturer or authorized service centers if a warranty claim arises. Understanding labeling conventions and warranty constraints helps technicians deliver compliant, long-lasting repairs that uphold the machine’s reliability and resale value.
The Murray 824RS is a compact, rear-engine riding mower designed for residential use with a focus on reliable performance and straightforward maintenance. This section captures the essential specifications you need to verify before service, including engine type, drive system, gear ratios, and overall dimensions. Understanding these baseline details helps diagnose common performance issues and ensures proper compatibility when ordering parts or performing upgrades. Keep a copy of these figures on hand for quick reference during field service or shop repairs.
Murray 824RS specifications encompass engine displacement and configuration, horsepower ratings, cooling method, and fuel requirements. Typical configurations for this model include a single-cylinder or small multi-cylinder engine with an air-cooled design, paired with a hydrostatic or gear-driven transmission. Accurate knowledge of the engine carburetion or injection type, fuel octane requirement, and lubrication specifications minimizes guesswork during tune-ups and preventive maintenance. Always consult the manufacturer’s data plate and service decal to confirm exact figures for your unit, as regional revisions can introduce small but impactful differences.
Serial number and model identification are critical for locating the correct service bulletins, parts catalogs, and safety notices. The serial number typically encodes the year of manufacture, production sequence, and perhaps a factory line indicator. Model identification ensures you are referencing the correct schematics and torque values, especially when cross-referencing with aftermarket parts. When recording service history, annotate the serial and model numbers alongside date, performed tasks, and replaced components to establish a traceable maintenance record for the machine’s lifespan.
Electrical and hydraulic system basics cover the fundamental wiring logic, battery specifications, charging system, and hydraulic pump operations. Familiarize yourself with standard color codes, typical connector types, and common failure modes such as corroded terminals or worn insulation. For hydraulic components, know the pump capacity, relief valve setting, fluid type, and contamination control measures to prevent performance degradation. A solid grasp of these basics supports accurate diagnostics, safer troubleshooting, and more efficient repair workflows without risking damage to sensitive electrical or hydraulic subsystems.
Initial inspection and prepare for disassembly. Begin with a thorough exterior and accessible interior visual assessment to identify obvious damage, missing fasteners, and any sign of lubrication failure or corrosion. Record the machine’s model, serial number, and current operating condition to establish a baseline for parts replacement and service intervals. Before disassembly, disconnect the battery or power source if applicable, and remove any ignition keys or safety restraints to prevent accidental startup. Gather the required tools and container for fasteners, labels, and replacement parts, ensuring a clean work area with adequate lighting and a stable surface. Document all observed anomalies with notes and photographs to aid reassembly and future maintenance planning. Maintain a consistent labeling scheme for hoses, cables, and components to simplify the reassembly process and minimize the risk of incorrect reconnection.
Deck and cutting system removal. Start by lowering the cutting deck to its lowest position and securing it to prevent movement during disassembly. Detach the mower deck belts from the pulleys with careful hand technique to avoid snapping or whip-back; use belt relievers if necessary to release tension safely. Remove any PTO shafts or driveline connections according to the manufacturer’s torque specifications and ensure all fasteners are kept in labeled containers to prevent cross-assembly errors. Disconnect deck-to-frame mounting hardware, noting the order of removal and any spacers or shims that must be replaced during reassembly. When lifting the deck, use proper lifting points and a suitable jack or hoist, and keep hands clear of pinch points and rotating components. Take high-resolution photos from multiple angles to capture their arrangement for accurate reinstallation. Replace worn deck rollers, wear plates, and gauge wheels as part of a comprehensive deck service, and inspect the spindle assemblies for play or bearing noise, planning for timely replacement if indicated.
Drive system and belt path overview. With the deck removed, trace the drive belt path from the engine pulley to the transaxle or rear differential, noting any tensioners, idlers, and pulleys along the route. Inspect the drive belt for cracks, fraying, glazing, or missing ribs, and replace it if any wear is evident to prevent belt failure during operation. Examine transmission input and output shafts, linkage, and mounting hardware for signs of binding, misalignment, or looseness, and address any concerns before reassembly. Check the condition of the drive belt tensioner and adjust to the manufacturer’s specifications to ensure proper tension and belt tracking under load. For machines with a hydrostatic or hydraulic drive, verify fluid levels, inspect hoses for leaks, and confirm that control linkages respond smoothly without play. Document all measurements, part numbers, and observed conditions to guide future maintenance and ensure that a complete, accurate service record is maintained.
Powertrain inspection and maintenance
The powertrain is the core assembly that transmits power from the engine to the driveshaft and wheels, so it is essential to perform regular, meticulous inspections. Begin by checking engine mounting points for signs of loosening, cracks, or corrosion. Torque all fasteners to the manufacturer's specifications and inspect vibration isolators for wear or deformation. Look for oil leaks at the crankcase, gasket joints, and oil cooler lines, and address any seepage promptly to prevent further damage. A clean inspection area helps you spot developing issues such as misaligned components or abnormal wear patterns on belts and pulleys. When you observe unusual noises, vibrations, or changes in engine behavior, halt operation and re-check mounting integrity before proceeding with further testing.
Engine interface and mounting checks require careful attention to alignment and secure connections. Verify that the engine sits level and is properly shimmed where required to maintain correct belt tension and accessory alignment. Inspect electrical connections related to the powertrain control system for signs of corrosion, loose pins, or frayed insulation, and clean or replace as necessary. Ensure that the exhaust system is free of cracks and that hangers are intact to prevent excessive heat transfer to surrounding components. Document any deviations and correct them according to the service manual procedures before returning the unit to service. Regular visual sweeps during maintenance can catch developing issues before they escalate into major failures.
Fuel system inspection and maintenance should concentrate on lines, filters, and seals that feed the engine with clean, stable fuel. Check the fuel lines for cracks, stiffness, or bulges, and replace any compromised sections to prevent fuel leaks. Inspect the fuel filter or screen for contamination and replace it at the recommended intervals to maintain optimal fuel flow. If the unit is equipped with a carburetor or fuel injection system, ensure that the cold-start, choke, and idle adjustments are set according to specifications and that vacuum lines are not cracked or disconnected. For portable power equipment, inspect the fuel shutoff valve and primer bulb for proper operation, replacing components that show wear. Always use fresh, clean fuel and appropriate stabilizers to minimize varnish buildup and fuel-related degradation that could impede powertrain performance.
Lubrication and cooling system upkeep is critical to prolonging life and preventing overheating. Check oil level with the engine on a level surface and after a brief warm-up, following the fill procedure recommended by Murray. Look for signs of contamination such as coolant mixing with oil, which could indicate a gasket failure or cracked component, and address immediately. Change the oil and filter at the intervals prescribed in the service manual using the correct viscosity grade for ambient temperatures. Inspect the cooling system, including the radiator or cooling fins, hoses, and clamps, for leaks, cracks, or blockages, and ensure adequate clearance around the engine for proper airflow. Maintain the proper fan belt tension and inspect tensioners for smooth operation; replace worn belts to avoid slippage and overheating. Regular cleaning of dust and debris from the cooling surfaces helps maintain efficient heat transfer and engine longevity.
Electrical system diagnostics
The electrical system in the Murray 824RS requires careful, methodical testing to identify faults that could affect starting, charging, and overall performance. Begin with a clean, well-lit workspace and disconnect power sources as appropriate to prevent accidental shorts. Use a multimeter to verify battery voltage at rest and under load, ensuring the reading falls within the manufacturer’s specified range. Check the battery terminals for corrosion and tightness, as loose or corroded connections can masquerade as deeper electrical faults. Document all voltage readings and physical conditions to establish a baseline for future diagnostics and to track any progressive deterioration.
When testing the charging system, measure the alternator or charging coil output under idle and at the recommended engine speeds. Compare the measured voltage to the specified charging range, typically around 13.5 to 14.5 volts for a healthy system, noting any significant deviation. Inspect the charging belt for wear, tension, and alignment, as a slipping belt can reduce charging efficiency and lead to intermittent power issues. If charging output is inadequate, inspect related fuses, relays, and wiring for opens, shorts, or damaged insulation that could interrupt the charging circuit. Before concluding, perform a load test to simulate normal operating conditions and confirm the system maintains proper voltage under typical loads such as lights and accessories.
Wiring harness inspection focuses on routing, insulation integrity, and connector reliability. Visually inspect the harness for cracked insulation, pinches, or heat damage that could cause intermittent faults. Gently flex sections of the harness and check for intermittent resistance changes with a multimeter, paying particular attention to connections near the battery, starter, ignition switch, and grounds. Disconnect and reseat connector pins to ensure good electrical contact, and apply dielectric grease to moist or high-humidity environments to reduce corrosion potential. Replace any damaged harness segments with OEM-approved cables, ensuring proper loom protection and secure clip placements to prevent movement and abrasion during operation. After inspection, re-check critical voltage points to confirm there are no new faults introduced during harness handling.
Troubleshooting common electrical faults requires a systematic approach to isolate the root cause. Start with the most probable issues such as dead batteries, blown fuses, or corroded battery terminals, validating each with direct measurements. If the engine cranks but does not start, verify the ignition system signals, fuel delivery interlocks, and any engine control module (ECM) inputs for faults or error codes. For no-crank conditions, test the battery, starter solenoid, and starter motor circuit while inspecting safety interlocks and the ignition switch for proper operation. When experiencing dim or flickering lights, examine the alternator output, battery state of charge, and any power-sucking accessories that may be drawing excessive current. Finally, if intermittent faults occur, perform a controlled vibration or movement test on wiring harnesses and connectors to reveal loose connections or impending failures that static tests might miss.
The Murray 824RS hydraulic and fuel systems require meticulous inspection and thoughtful maintenance to ensure reliable operation and safe use. This section provides practical, field-proven guidelines for evaluating the hydraulic pump and valve assemblies, servicing the fuel delivery system, and performing leak detection and repair procedures. Each procedure emphasizes the importance of clean work environments, proper PPE, and adherence to manufacturer torque specifications and fluid compatibility. Begin any service by verifying model-specific parts diagrams and service notes to avoid misidentification of components that appear similar but serve different functions within the system.
Hydraulic pump and valve inspection should start with a careful visual check for signs of wear, scoring, or leakage around the pump housing, inlet and outlet ports, and seals. Inspect the drive coupling and mounting bolts for looseness or fatigue, and ensure that the pump shaft rotates freely without binding. Check hydraulic hoses for cracks, abrasion, or bubbled surfaces that could indicate internal restriction or deteriorated jackets. When evaluating valves, examine the control levers for smooth operation, confirm that relief valves seat correctly, and listen for abnormal tones during cycling that may signify internal wear or debris. Maintain a clean work area to prevent dirt from entering the hydraulic circuit during disassembly and reassembly, and replace any damaged seals or gaskets with OEM specifications to preserve system integrity. After inspection, perform a bench test or on-machine functional check at a low pressure to verify correct response before proceeding to full operation.
Fuel delivery system service requires verifying fuel quality, fuel line integrity, and proper fuel metering to the carburetor or injector, depending on the engine configuration. Start by draining any old fuel from the tank if it shows signs of instability, such as varnish or phase separation, and replace fuel filters with the correct micron specification. Inspect lines and clamps for wear, corrosion, or signs of leakage, and replace any compromised segments. For carbureted models, ensure the idle and main jets are clean and free of obstructions, and that the prime bulb or fuel pump functions without air leaks. For injected systems, confirm the fuel pump pressure meets the manufacturer’s specifications and that the fuel rail shows stable pressure without drops during engine crank or idle. Always purge the fuel system to remove air after maintenance, and use a calibrated fuel pressure gauge to document results for future reference. Document any deviations from specification and perform corrective actions before returning the equipment to service.
Leak detection and repair procedures focus on locating both external and internal leaks with a systematic, methodical approach. Begin by cleaning the entire area around suspected joints and fittings to ensure leaks are easily detected, then apply a soapy water solution and observe for foam indicating a leak at hydraulic fittings or hoses. When fixing leaks, tighten fittings within the manufacturer’s recommended torque range, avoiding over-tightening which can strip threads or crack housings. If a leak persists at a gasket or seal surface, remove the component, inspect for irregularities or damaged sealing surfaces, and replace the seal with the correct style and thickness. For fuel system leaks, inspect tank seals, fuel line connections, and the carburetor or injector hardware, replacing any damaged components and ensuring seals are seated uniformly to prevent future seepage. After completing repairs, perform a pressure test or leak test at operational pressures while monitoring for any renewed leaks, and document test results to confirm that the system meets safety and performance standards.
Drive, steering, and deck adjustments
The drive system on the Murray 824RS requires careful alignment and appropriate tensioning to ensure smooth operation and accurate steering. Begin by inspecting the drive belt for signs of wear, cracks, or glazing, and replace it if any damage is present. When adjusting the brake and clutch, verify that the brake pedal or lever engages fully and returns to the disengaged position without sticking. The clutch should engage smoothly without slipping, and the belt tension should be set according to the manufacturer’s specification to prevent chatter or delayed engagement during operation. After any adjustment, test the drive by moving the mower on a flat surface to confirm consistent speed control and responsive steering.
Steering linkage alignment is critical for precise handling and safe operation. Inspect all tie rods, control arms, and steering arms for bends, looseness, or worn bushings. Misaligned or loose components can cause the front wheels to pull to one side or create excessive play in the steering wheel. Use a caliper or known reference points to verify that both front wheels are parallel and that the steering linkages have equal lengths. If you notice excessive play, tighten fasteners to the specified torque values and replace any worn bushings or linkage components before returning the unit to service. Perform a careful road or yard test to confirm stable tracking without pulling to either direction.
Deck leveling and blade height adjustments are essential for consistent cutting performance and machine balance. Begin by ensuring the deck is clean and free of debris that could affect blade contact with the ground. Set the deck in the lowest cutting position and measure the blade height from the ground at multiple points to confirm evenness. If the deck is tilted or uneven, adjust the deck mounting brackets and leveling screws; tighten to the recommended torque values after achieving a uniform height around the entire perimeter. When adjusting blade height, reference the cutting height chart for the current terrain and desired turf quality, then verify that all four corner adjustment points produce equal blade-to-ground clearance. After adjustments, recheck belt path alignment to ensure no interference with the deck or drive components, and perform a test cut on a small patch to verify consistent height and even discharge.
MURRAY 824RS Service Manual
Diagnostics and troubleshooting guide
The Murray 824RS lawn tractor is designed with a modular layout that simplifies diagnosis and repair. Start by confirming the model and the reported symptom, then verify basic operational conditions such as battery health, fuel status, and overall cleanliness of the air intake and cooling passages. A methodical approach helps prevent misdiagnosis and reduces downtime. When the unit powers up, listen for abnormal noises and observe any unusual vibrations, as these can indicate misaligned components, worn belts, or loose hardware. Always follow lockout/tagout procedures and disconnect the spark plug wire before performing internal inspections to ensure safety.
Symptom based diagnostic flow
Begin with the simplest explanations for operational issues, such as fuel quality, improper maintenance, or dirty air filters. If the mower fails to start, check the battery voltage, the condition of the starter solenoid, and the seat/kill switch for proper grounding. For stalling or rough running, inspect the spark plug, fuel filter, carburetor settings, and air intake for obstructions, while ensuring the governor linkage operates freely. If the mower lacks power or speed, verify belt condition and tension, inspect the transmission and drive tires for wear, and confirm that the safety switch system is functioning correctly. Finally, for cutting performance problems, inspect the blade(s) for balance and sharpness, check the spindle assemblies, and ensure the deck is level and free of debris.
Common noise and vibration issues
Unusual noises often point to mechanical wear or misalignment. A grinding or clanking sound may indicate loose motor mounts, a failing cutter blade spindle, or worn bearings. A rattling noise at idle can suggest a loose belt or improperly tensioned belt drive; adjust or replace belts as needed and re-tension to specification. If vibrations are felt through the chassis, inspect the blade installation, spindle shaft runout, and deck bearings for wear, replacing any worn components. Persistent vibration after belt and blade checks could signal a structural issue, such as a bent deck or misaligned pulleys, which may require more thorough inspection and possible component replacement. Regular inspection and timely replacement of worn bearings, seals, and blades are essential to maintain quiet and smooth operation.
Error codes and interpretation
Modern Murray 824RS models may display diagnostic codes via instrument panels or indicator LEDs. Begin interpretation by referencing the code sequence in the service literature to determine the subsystem involved, such as ignition, fuel, or electrical sensing. Common codes often indicate issues with the safety interlocks, which must be tested for continuity and proper activation in the seat, brake, and chute engagement zones. If an ignition or fuel system fault is indicated, confirm spark integrity, carburetor function, and fuel delivery pressures, then clear any stored fault codes after repairs to verify resolution. For electrical codes, inspect wiring harness connections for corrosion or loose terminals, verify battery health, and inspect fuses or circuit breakers. Always perform a controlled test after addressing any code to confirm that the system no longer reports the fault and operates within normal parameters.
The reassembly process for the Murray 824RS requires careful attention to the sequence of components being reinstalled to ensure proper alignment and function. Begin by carefully aligning mounting points for major assemblies, such as the frame, engine or motor, and drive components, then secure them with the appropriate fasteners to the specified torque values found in the maintenance table. As you reinstall each component, verify that any electrical connectors, hoses, and linkages are fully seated and routed so they cannot be pinched or stressed during operation. Take care to reinstall gaskets and seals in their correct orientation to prevent leaks and ensure reliable sealing over the service life of the equipment. After securing each subassembly, perform a quick functional check to confirm that moving parts are free of interference and that brake, clutch, or throttle linkages operate smoothly without binding.
Before any operation, conduct comprehensive pre-operation checks to ensure the machine is safe and ready for testing. Inspect the frame and welds for any signs of cracks or damage that could compromise safety. Verify that the fuel system is free of leaks, lines are properly clamped, and the fuel cap seals correctly. Ensure that the battery is charged, connections are clean and tight, and that the starter motor and charging system show no signs of abnormal wear. Check fluid levels, including engine oil, coolant if applicable, and hydraulic fluids, ensuring they are at correct levels and free of contaminants. Finally, confirm that all safety devices, guards, and interlocks are in place and functional before attempting a test run.
Test run procedures and safety confirmation are essential to validate that the reassembled equipment operates correctly and safely. Perform a slow, staged startup to observe for unusual noises, vibrations, or smells, and immediately shut down if any anomalies are detected. Monitor critical indicators such as temperature, oil pressure, and electrical system gauges throughout the test run, and compare readings to the factory specifications. Conduct functional tests of propulsion, steering, braking, and any hydraulic controls in a controlled environment, ensuring that performance aligns with expected behavior. Upon successful completion of the test run, recheck all fasteners and connections for tightness, verify that guards and safety devices remain properly installed, and document the results, noting any adjustments made or issues observed for future reference.
Maintenance schedule and parts list
Routine maintenance intervals for the Murray 824RS are designed to maximize performance, reliability, and safety. At initial break-in after purchase, inspect and tighten all accessible fasteners, replace or clean any disposable filters as recommended by the manufacturer, and verify belt alignment and tension. After the first 20 operating hours, perform a comprehensive check of the drive system, electrical connections, and cooling airflow while noting any unusual sounds or vibrations. Thereafter, schedule preventative maintenance every 25 hours of operation for critical components and every 50 hours for routine checks, adjusting the cadence according to operating conditions such as load, terrain, and weather. Maintaining a detailed log of each maintenance event helps track wear patterns and anticipate parts replacement before a failure occurs.
Recommended replacements and part numbers are essential for keeping the Murray 824RS in peak condition. Replace air filters, fuel filters, and spark plugs at the intervals specified in the operator’s manual, using genuine Murray parts or equivalents that meet OEM specifications. Regularly inspect and replace drive belts, carburetor components, and coolant hoses if applicable, ensuring that the part numbers match the exact model year and sub-configuration of the machine. Keep a stock of commonly worn items such as ignition modules, fuel line clamps, and gaskets, and verify part numbers against the parts catalog before ordering. When replacing components, document the part number, date of service, and mileage or hours to maintain traceability and facilitate future maintenance planning.
Storage and winterization tips are critical to preventing damage during long periods of inactivity. Before storing, fully cool the engine and drain any residual fuel if the model is not designed for long-term ethanol-blended fuel use; add a fuel stabilizer if storing with fuel in the tank, and run the engine briefly to circulate stabilizer through the system. Clean and dry the exterior, remove debris from cooling fins or screens, and apply a light coat of protective oil to metal surfaces to prevent corrosion. Store the Murray 824RS in a dry, sheltered location, away from moisture and temperature extremes, and disconnect the battery if the unit will be idle for an extended period to prevent parasitic drain. Prepare the fuel system according to local guidelines, which may include stabilizing the fuel and sealing fuel caps to prevent moisture ingress during storage.
Appendix and reference materials
The wiring diagrams overview provides a consolidated reference for the electrical system of the Murray 824RS. It outlines the main harness routes, connector pinouts, color codes, and typical signal paths for power, ignition, charging, and safety interlocks. For maintenance technicians, understanding these diagrams is essential when diagnosing intermittent electrical faults, replacing components, or re-routing harnesses after repairs. Always verify that the machine is disconnected from any power source before inspecting or handling electrical connectors to prevent shock or further damage. When in doubt, consult the corresponding service manual sheets that accompany the diagrams for specific component references and color-code conventions used in production units.
Torque specifications are a critical part of ensuring reliable operation and safety for the Murray 824RS. This section lists fastener values for engine mounting bolts, pulley and flywheel fasteners, ignition components, and blade assemblies, among others. Adhering to the specified torque ranges helps prevent loosening under vibration, ensures proper sealing where gaskets are used, and maintains correct bearing preload. When applying torque, use a calibrated torque wrench and follow the sequence recommended by the factory drawings to avoid warping or uneven clamping. For fasteners that use thread-locking compounds, observe the supplier’s guidelines for cure time and torque adjustments after the compound has been applied. Record all torque values after reassembly to facilitate future maintenance checks during routine service intervals.
The glossary of terms provides definitions for common nomenclature found throughout the Murray 824RS service materials. It covers electrical terms, mechanical components, and hydraulic or pneumatic references that technicians will encounter during disassembly, repair, or reassembly. Clear understanding of these terms reduces misinterpretation and helps technicians communicate accurately with peers and suppliers. The glossary also includes acronyms frequently encountered in service bulletins and parts catalogs, enabling faster lookup and cross-referencing. For new technicians, taking a moment to review these terms can significantly shorten diagnostic time and improve maintenance quality. Keep the glossary on hand during troubleshooting sessions to quickly verify definitions and avoid ambiguous wording in notes and reports.